Putting-out System: Historical evolution and theoretical significance

包买制普遍地出现在世界各国工业化进程中,但历来的理论传统只是把它当做经济和社会转型当中的一种过渡现象。本文不仅回顾了包买制在西方工业化时期和中国清末民初的发展,而且通过对来料加工的描述和分析,指明了包买制并未在现代化的转型中终结,反而成为了工厂制度的重要补充。就包买制中所蕴含的乡村工业化和农民合作等问题,既有的研究并没有给出特别恰当的解释。要对包买制有充分的理解,必须对其具体运作方式和其背后所隐含的经济伦理都有细致的分析。对来料加工这样一种围绕着社会关系而运作的生产方式进行进一步研究,不仅将有助于解答上述问题,而且也将增进对中国“乡土性”社会结构的理解。在此意义上,包买制堪称是一个在融合了“历史个体”的特殊性和理论概念的普遍性基础上的"理想类型"。 

Putting-out system rose along with industrial development in most countries, however, the theoretical tradition simply defines it as a transient phenomenon during economic and social transformation. In this paper, the author reviews the development of putting-out system during Industrial Revolution in western countries as well as the late Qing and early Republic of China. By describing and analyzing the processing on order, this paper argues that putting-out system has been an important supplement of the industrial system instead of fading away with modernization. Moreover, the existing literature did not provide a reasonable explanation of rural industrialization and peasants' cooperation implied by putting-out system. To fully understand putting-out system, it is necessary to elaborate its operation mechanism and the economic ethics behind it. Therefore, the further researches on processing on order will guide us to answer the questions above, and also enhance our understanding on social structure of China labeled with localism.

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