本文采用“中国大学生追踪调查（PSCUS）”数据，系统分析了家庭背景因素对大学生人力资本积累的影响。研究发现：在精英大学中，家庭背景几乎没有影响，选择性淘汰效应突出；在普通本科大学中，家庭背景作用显著，文化再生产机制作用明显，但个人努力因素也同样重要；在高职院校中，文化再生产机制和能力主义规则的作用都不突出。高等教育大众化导致了大学的分化，不同类型大学竞争场域和竞争规则出现极大差异，文化再生产机制和选择性淘汰假设在大学校园竞争中都留有痕迹，但在不同类型的大学中发挥不同的作用。

This paper examines the effect of family background on the accumulation of human capital of college students based on 2017 Panel Survey of Chinese University Students. The result shows that there are differences in the influence of family background among different universities and colleges. In elite universities, family background hardly displays its effect, and selective attrition effect is prominent. In other universities, on the contrary, family background shows a strong effect, and cultural reproduction mechanism plays an important role. In vocational colleges, neither cultural reproduction mechanism nor meritocracy reveals significant effect on the accumulation of human capital of students. The fast expansion of higher education has led to the differentiation of universities in competition rules. Cultural reproduction theory or selective elimination hypothesis cannot provide a full explanation for the changes in today’s Chinese universities as they play different roles in different types of universities.

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