From “Oligopoly” to “Duopoly”：A Study of the Local Government’s Behavior in Land Development

经典马克思主义者对农政问题尤其是农业发展、农民分化、土地权属与城乡关系做了重要论述。他们主张发展资本主义农业生产方式，大生产排挤小生产，小农必然消亡；他们认为农民的分化与无产阶级化既是资本主义发展的驱动力，也是必然结果；他们声明农业资本主义必然要求土地集中，无产阶级掌握政权后，土地私有制将被公有制取代；他们相信资本主义发展必然要经过城市盘剥乡村的过程，但一定阶段后应实现城乡协调发展。当代马克思主义者将视域从民族国家扩展到国际关系、由生产领域延展到市场领域。他们指出，雇佣劳动并非农政转型的必然要求，市场关系成为重要指标，农民分化具有多元复杂性。在乡村振兴的背景下，中国的农政研究亟需创新和发展中国化的马克思主义理论和方法。

In the context of Chinese urbanization, the academia focuses on the way how the municipal government monopolizes benefits from land development and develops the “oligopoly” theory. However, the grassroot government often develops land without permission from the higher-level government, causing governance failure. This results in a “duopoly” situation, which contains a stable institutional logic. The grassroot government’s violation of administrative rule is caused by the incompatibility between the land management system and the local development environment, as well as the attempt by the higher-level government to control land development as a result of the incompatibility. The higher-level government is constrained by issues of legitimacy and risk management. It therefore has to face governance failure and the grassroot government becomes another monopoly. The “duopoly” theory not only opens up the black box of land development by the local government, but also shows how governments at different levels have multiple goals in a complicated environment. It challenges the “oligopoly” theory which assumes the local government is in pursuit of the maximum benefit.

叶敬忠、吴存玉

本文是国家社会科学基金重点项目“城乡一体化进程中的农村变迁研究”（13ASH007）阶段性成果。

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