道德社会学将考察对象从道德哲学所思辨的抽象道德律转向由道德规范、道德行为以及道德舆论三个基本层面所构成的经验性道德事实。构成道德事实的三个基本层面也是体现出道德情感性的三个层面。随着社会形态从传统的小共同体熟人社会向现代陌生人大社会转变，三个层面的道德情感都相应地发生了变化。因应这种变化，道德形态也须作出相应调整，包括公德与私德相分立，在日常公德中突出“消极义务”，道德形式向普遍化和正式化转变等。总之，道德须从一种习传、不言而喻的“默认一致”形态向一种“反思性”的自觉形态转变。

Sociology of morality focuses on empirical moral facts consisting of three basic levels: moral norms, moral behaviors, and moral public opinion, rather than the abstract moral laws contemplated by moral philosophy. The three basic levels that constitute moral facts are also the three levels that embody moral emotion. With the transition from the traditional closed, static, homogeneous, and densely interacting small society of acquaintances to an open, mobile, heterogeneous, and alienated society of strangers in the process of modernization, the three levels of moral emotions have changed accordingly. In response to these changes, morality must make necessary adjustments, including the separation of public morality and private morality, highlighting “negative obligations” in daily public morality, and the generalization and formalization of moral forms, etc. In short, morality must shift from a conventional, self evident form of “tacit agreement” to a “reflexive” self conscious form.

本文系国家哲学社会科学基金项目“结构、情感与道德：道德社会学的探索”（18BSH010）阶段性成果。

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