具有官僚制的技术外表,但又受困于传统主义家产制精神的家产官僚制，是普遍存在于全球历史中的支配模式。对于家产官僚制在中国早期历史中的形成，现有文献主要关注作为其表象的官僚制技术的出现，而未能阐明作为其本质的家产制的持续。针对这一不足，本文基于历史分析和定量研究，论证了周代政治合法性观念——天命观影响下的封建危机所引致的诸侯国国君的政治生存策略是解释战国时期官僚化发展和家产制最终复归的重要逻辑，从而为我们理解家产官僚制在世界和中国历史上的普遍存在提供了基于政治合法性理念及统治者能动性的新视角。

Patrimonial bureaucracy, characterized by the spirit of traditionalist patrimonialism with a facade of bureaucratic techniques of government, is a prevalent mode of domination in global history. As for the question of why and how patrimonial bureaucracy came into being in early Chinese history, the literature mostly focuses on the emergence of bureaucratic apparatus for war-making, while neglecting to explain the persistence of patrimonial traditionalism. To fill this gap, this article conducts historical and quantitative analysis on an original dataset on the Warring-States period. It demonstrates that the logic of ruler’s political survival, which is induced by feudal crisis stimulated by the notion of “Mandate of Heaven”, simultaneously shapes the process of bureaucratization and the persistence of patrimonialism, thereby giving birth to patrimonial bureaucracy. By doing that, this paper offers an ideal-based, agency-centered approach to explaining why patrimonial bureaucracy has been a recurring domination mode in premodern world history.

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