Land, Labor and the Modernization of the Rural Society: Comparison of Fei Xiaotong and R. H. Tawney

费孝通在20世纪40年代关于乡村经济与社会的系列研究受英国经济史学家托尼的影响颇深。本文通过对两人的文本分析比较，指出：（1）托尼关于英国从农业现代化到工业现代化的分析，构成了费孝通的江村和禄村经济转型的参照。（2）托尼的“绅士理论”也成为费孝通讨论绅士功能的基础。但费孝通并非照搬托尼的思路，在农业的园艺学转型和绅士类型等问题上，他都有不同于托尼的地方。并且，对于费孝通来说，“国家”的角色在其社会理论和实践中处于相对消极的位置。费孝通从共同体、知识分子、世界市场和国家四个要素的相互关系来构建中国的现代化转型方案。他对中国作为世界体系的后发参与者如何获得经济自主性的思考，在今天仍有参考价值。

Fei Xiaotong’s work on rural economy and society in the 1940s was deeply indebted to English economic historian R. H. Tawney. By comparing their texts, this article reveals at least two connections between their works. First, Tawney’s analysis of the English modernization, which depicts the transition from agricultural modernization to industrial modernization serves as a reference framework for Fei. Second, Tawney’s “theory of gentry” also serves as the starting point for Fei’s functional theory of the Chinese gentry. However, Fei does not simply follow Tawney’s steps. Instead, he offers unique insights into the problems of horticulture transformation and gentry types in China. Furthermore, Fei considers the role of state as more passive. The interrelation of the community, market, intellectuals and state constitutes Fei’s modernization scheme. His idea about how China as a later participant of the world system can maintain economic autonomy is still valuable today.

杨清媚

本文系国家社会科学基金一般项目“‘燕京学派’的乡村社会转型研究理论与方法探析”（18BSH001）的研究成果。

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