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Schutz tried to place Weber's notion of social action upon a phenomenological foundation but discovered instead that it can only be studied in the world of contemporaries or that of predecessors, that is , in the observer' s gaze. Thisinsight has been overlooked by sociologists. A separate effort by philosophers, including Ricoeur, resulted in the fairly well-received notion of “action as text .”An unnoticed implication is that a sociological theory is the sociologist' s action and hence is also a text . This paper , by way of examples in Durkheim , Parsons and Garfinkel ,sets out to establish two claims :First , there must be a time structure in every sociologist' s gaze , but social action can only be observed in certain particular kinds of time structure .Second , in any sociological theory a semiological sy stem particular to it can always be found , but social action as a sign is only contained in certain particular semiological systems .

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