倒欠户是我国20世纪50年代中期开始的农业集体化运动中出现的独特历史现象。它是调和农民生存伦理与实现个体激励最大化这两者之间矛盾的尝试,同时也是新政权“塑造社会主义新人”的权力实践。但这种国家权力改造乡村社会的尝试并没有完成其本身的目标。本文在对已有的解释传统与研究路径进行梳理的基础上,强调更应该从“伦理”而非单纯“利益”的角度来理解“倒欠户”,指出“生产队”不仅是一种“生产组织”,同时更是一种“社会组织”,作为“集体”而存在的生产队在农民的心中乃是一种家庭式的存在。正是这种对于集体组织的理解方式,催生了一种“公私不分”的“集体伦理学”,和其他因素一起造成了倒欠户制度设计的失效,也催生了复杂的历史效果。

“Daoqianhu”，as a unique historical phenomenon，emerged in the middle of 1950s when the agricultural collectivization movement got started． The existence of “daoqianhu” illustrated the state's effort to reconcile the conflict between the peasants' subsistence ethic and the maximization of individual incentives. Meanwhile，it was also a power practice that the CCP tried to create the new socialist generation．However，the state power didn't achieve its institutional goal of rebuilding the rural society．Based on the review of existing theoretical and empirical researches，this paper emphasizes that we should understand “daoqianhu” from ethical point of view rather than the overly simplified economic angle. The author argues that the production team，which was seen by peasants as a family-like organization，was not only an economic organization but also a social organization， which resulted into a collectivity ethic that confounds the public and the private． Together with other factors，it led to the failure of “daoqianhu” institution and facilitated other unexpected historical results．

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