College Expansion and Gender Equalization in Higher Education: An empirical study based on 2008 Chinese general social survey

从1999年开始实行高校扩招之后,高等教育机会在性别间的分配逐渐走向平等化。针对“扩招如何导致高等教育机会的性别平等化”这一问题,本文利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS2008)数据,着重检验了扩招之后新增的教育机会是如何在性别间进行分配的,进而探求性别平等化的贡献主要是由哪些因素实现的。研究发现,扩招从整体上改变了男性与女性之间的机会结构,其中最主要的贡献来自于两个方面:一是父辈文化程度为初中的“次低文化层次”群体,扩招为这一层次的女性带来了更多的高等教育机会,从而为高等教育机会的性别平等化做出了贡献；二是农村地区的女性,在新增高等教育机会的分配中其原有的劣势地位得到大幅度的改善,缩小了与男性之间的机会差距。相对于扩招前而言,扩招之后高等教育机会的性别平等化正在从家庭文化程度较高的群体向家庭文化程度较低的群体、从非农村地区向农村地区延伸。

The distribution of opportunities in the enrollment of higher education has experienced gender equalization due to college expansion since 1999. In this article, we propose several hypotheses to test how the added opportunities are distributed between male and female, and try to find out the main factors contributing to gender equalization. We use binary logit models to analyze the data from 2008 Chinese General Social Survey, a multi-stage stratified national probability sample. We find that college expansion has changed the general opportunity structure in two ways. First, for those respondents whose parents got junior middle school diploma, college expansion has brought females in this subgroup more opportunities of going to college, which narrowed the gender gap. Secondly, as to those respondents coming from rural regions, college expansion has improved rural females' inferior position in higher educational attainment, though the gender gap still exists in rural region. After college expansion, gender equalization in the opportunities of going to college has expanded from those respondents whose parents have better educational background to those whose parents have lower educational background, and has also expanded from people in urban areas to those in rural areas.

张兆曙 陈奇

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