Professional Ethics and Civil Morals: Durkheim on relationship between the society and the state

大革命后社会普遍存在的失范状态,是抽象人格和抽象政治造成的后果。涂尔干清醒地认识到,若要解决国家与社会的对立关系,就必须从民情出发,确立一种基于社会实在的社会科学和规范基础,并通过追溯法团的历史传统及其现代转交,将社会结构重新落实在职业群体之上,为现代社会个体道德和职业伦理的建设奠定组织基础。与此同时,涂尔干通过细致追查契约的历史脉络,批判了契约论视野下的抽象国家观念。现代民主制政治的形成,既不是通过个体意志权利让渡的结果,也不是纯粹国家权威的体现,而是经由职业群体作为政治的基本单位及由此形成的中介作用,通过代议制来实现国家的政治作用。正是自成一类的“社会”,为国家提供了更高的神圣基础以及超越现实政治的人类理想,从而将现代政治落实在职业伦理和公民道德相结合的基础上。

Emile Durkheim believed that the whole society was lost in anomie after The Franch Revolution being constructed by abstract personalities and abstract politics. To dispel the contradiction and antithesis between the society and the state, a new social science based on the social realities and norms must be established from the perspective of laws and mores, and by tracing back to the historical tradition of Corporation and its modern transformation, the social reconstruction and moral individualism should be founded on the organizations of professional groups. At the same time, by a critique of the political theories of social contracts and their ideas of abstract states, Emile Durkheim proposed that the modern democratic polity was not formed by the transfer of rights from individual will to general will, also not by the absolute authority of national will, but by professional groups as elementary political units and representative system in terms of them. It was society sui generis that provided the supreme sacred basis for the modern state and the human ieals beyond the real politics, uniting the professional ethics and civil morals.

渠敬东 

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